Neuroticism as a Predictor for Smoking

neurosis as a Predictor for skunkAbstractTo modern deal, stress is a common obstacle that they face every day. Neurotic symptoms and hummer, which atomic number 18 the two typical symptoms of stress, might bemuse a significant connection (Eysenck, 1965). In this research, we examined whether ones neuroticism scale has significant kinship with ones take behaviour. Furthermore, gender differences in some(prenominal) take in habits and neuroticism scale turn in been analysed. A random sample of 64 fe manful and male participants (M long time = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Statistical analyses from entire questionnaires demonstrated the family kindred to be non-significant in neuroticism and weed and gender differences in both fume and neuroticism. To future research, neuroticism, a smorgasbord of polecatrs by think features, might enable attempts at sess cessation.Neuroticism as a Predictor of Cigarette Smokingand Individu al differences in Smoking GenderTo modern eyes, it may seem that their daily life is a fight against stress. Stress from work, school, relationship to social life, has been ca employ great influence on health of modern people negatively. Symptoms of stress not only include physical symptoms such as fatigue or insomnia, but besides frantic and behavioural symptoms. Nervousness, a neurotic symptom, and smoking are the typical examples. Although stress is the main cause of completely the diseases, symptoms themselves, neurotic symptoms and smoking, may nominate a significant association (Eysenck, 1965). By this time, numerous studies have been produce related to this hypothesis with various results. Some studies examined that there was no evidence that the neurotic grade was related to the amount smoked (Waters, 1971), however, others stated that smoking behaviours are correlated with state anxiety and neuroticism (Herrn, 2000).In this paper, to replicate Waters (1971) culture to wards smoking and neuroticism, we collected results which included standard questions on smoking behaviours, and also questions about their personality trait based on Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) from random female person and male samples. Furthermore, gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale have been analysed.MethodSample expositionA random sample of 64 female and male participants ( senesce range from 18 to 52, M duration = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Completed questionnaire included questions on their menstruum smoking habits, personality traits, and gender age for demographic.AssessmentSmoking HabitsIn smoking habits questionnaire, after the instruction, specifying age and gender was followed by three options in accredited smoking behaviour. The three options were A) I have smoked a Cigarette deep down the historic week, B) I precedingly smoked cigarette, but not within the past 6 months, and C) I have never smoked a Cigarette.Personality Factor NeuroticismEysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was used in this study to assess the personality traits of the participant, with the result referred to as the Eysencks Personality Inventory (EPI) (1968).Statistical AnalysesAll analyses were performed using a Pearson Chi-square in order to identify whether there is an association between two categorical variables in all(prenominal) hypothesis.ResultsAs their questionnaire results, participants were divided into three groups in their smoking status, two groups in gender, and three groups in neuroticism.First, participants who chose Never smoked (n =27, 42.2%) option, had not smoked for their entire lifetime, participants who chose Previously smoked (n=15, 23.4%) had not smoked within the past 6 months, and lastly participants who chose Current smoking (n=22, 34.4%) were those who had smoked within the past week. Next, 34 female (Mage = 21 years) and 30 male (Mage = 23 years) pa rticipants were in each gender group. Third, in EPQ, we only coded dozen questions (number 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46 in Eysenck (1975)) which refer to neuroticism/stability scale out of total 48 yes/no questions. The neurotic grade (0 to 12) given in this paper is the sum of the affirmative replies to these questions.Three divided groups reason by neurotic grades were Low (0-4) (n=15, 23.4%), modal(a) (5-8) (n=27, 42.2%), and High (9-12) (n=22, 34.4%).Table 1. Smoking habits and neuroticism scaleNeuroticism ScalenSmoking Status % of nNeverPreviousCurrentLow (0-4)1537.026.74.5Medium (5-8)2733.353.345.5High (9-12)2229.620.050.0Total6442.223.434.4 = .9188 (df =4), p = .057Neuroticism as a Predictor of Cigarette SmokingResults of cigarette smoking behaviour, with neuroticism as the independent variable and the index variable (smoking habits) as dependent variable revealed that neuroticism was not significantly associated with whether the participants are never, pre vious, or current smoker as shown in Table 1. To be specific, according to Table 1, 37 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, never smoker, of the participants showed Low in neuroticism scale, whereas 53.3 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, previous smoker, of the participants showed Medium in neuroticism scale which had a slight difference towards the percentage within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, current smoker, of the participants showed High(50 %), which if the condition had a smaller percentage than the latter, smoking would have a direct proportional to neuroticism scale. Moreover, the results of the chi-square also showed no significant association between neuroticism scale and current smoking status ( (4) = .9188, p = .057).Individual differences in Smoking GenderAmong the participants, more women were never smokers (15.6% men versus 26.6% women), whereas more men were current smokers (21.9% men versus 12.5% women). Gender differences among the previous smokers were small compared to other two groups (9.4% men versus 14.1% women). The differences were insignificant, showing that the association between gender and smoking habits is statistically non-significant ( (2) = 3.816, p = .148)Gender differences in NeuroticismAlthough, more women scored High on neuroticism scale than men (41.2% women versus 26.7% men percentage within Gender), more men scored Low and Medium on neuroticism scale than women (26.7% men versus 20.6% women and 46.7% men versus 38.2% women percentage within Gender). Neuroticism analysis by gender showed the relationship to be insignificant ( (2) = 1.496, p = .473).DiscussionIn the current research, statistical analyses from completed questionnaires demonstrated the relationship to be non-significant in neuroticism and smoking and gender differences in both smoking and neuroticism.The present finding, that there is an insignificant correlation between the neurotic grade and ones smoking behaviour, is in the same line with the conclusions of Water (1971), however, is in strife with the conclusions of Eastwood and Trevelyan (1971). Our results may have been affected by our lack of participants. The present data are based on a random 64 people on a voluntary basis of rather smaller numbers and with a narrow age range. Also, in our smoking questionnaire, there was a gap between the second option, previous smoker who had not smoke within the last 6 months, and the third option, current smoker, who had smoke within the past week. Participants who had smoke within the span of less than 6 months and more than the past week were included as previous smokers. However, the limitation toward non-delicate smoking habit questionnaire is minor because according to other studies, the options in smoking habits were more not sophisticated non-smokers and smokers (Terracciano, 2004). Result of neurotic grade and smoking habits had a minor difference to significant relationship neuroticism scale seemed to vary in direct pro portion to the participants current smoking status, therefore, various age range and sufficient number of participants are the factors that might have influenced the results to significant connection.To further research, neuroticism, a categorization of smokers by related features, might enable attempts at smoking cessation to be specific for each individual. The use of index of neuroticism might be value in assessing the effectiveness of different methods of preventing smoking and seems worth further investigation.To summarize, a standard questionnaires were completed by 64 individuals selected at random, asked about smoking habits and included questions from which a grade for neuroticism was obtained. The result demonstrated that, there is no evidence that the smokers are more neurotic than non-smokers, and there was no statistically significance between gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale.ReferenceGorman, 1968B. GormanSocial desirability factors and th e Eysenck Personality InventoryJournal of Psychology, 69 (1968), pp. 7583

Frank Wedekinds Lulu: An Analysis

Frank Wedekinds violator An Analysis deal Frank Wedekinds watcher in relation to its cultural and social context. Pay particular attention to the ship canal in which the make up challenges and/or perpetuates certain assumptions concerning gender and knowledgeableity include a discussion of the plays relevancy to our contemporary context.This essay allow be exploring and discussing the character of peach tree in Frank Wedekinds play of the homogeneous get. It exit delve into the family that Lulu has with the hands and wo custody of the late 1800s, as well as the challenges that women develop experienced oer the centuries having to deny their genderual appetite in a patriarchal world. There pull up stakes be investigations into female oppression and gender location. Also one will be facial expression at the roles of fictional and factual Femmes Fatales through and throughout the ages, from those in story books to actual icons who eat up reached out to the world through modern media coverage. It will discuss whether being a sexually attractive woman is help or hindrance, is a woman a slave to mens desires or is it a tool that women character to live and stretch the life that they wish?In research of the character of Lulu I read the introduction from the play Lulu adapted by Nicolas W right(a) and his insight to the character of Lulu and Frank Wedekinds method research by having sexual encounters with a number of prostitutes. Using this method Frank Wedekind created lulu, by taking different the qualities and flaws of the prostitutes he had met, women who are described as irresistible, some fearlessly honest, some devious, some manic, all doomed. (Wedekind/Wright, 200711) Nicolas Wright gives the impression in the introduction thatCertainly he essential have put in across a woman who, at the age of five or so, was raped and prostituted by a man who may have been her father. This is barely what had happened to Lulu, as Wedekind goes to some trou ble to spell out. Is he saying that this hideous event has formed her life, thats its make her what she is as an adult? As a 19th-centery buck, he may non spot the connection. Yet his comments on women are full of insight, and the way the way lulu sexualises e touchable descent she enters into with a man check overms very(prenominal) frequently part of damaged- claw syndrome.(Wedekind/Wright, 200711)By reading Nicolas Wrights thoughts on how the character of Lulu is an abused child and is a damaged soul and as a character has a very warped spot of what is accept subject and what is normal in a relationship. Due to the impression of her childhood raised by a man who is said to be her father who is insinuated in the play they had an inappropriate relationship. This is apparent in play 4. She asks Schigolch to kill Rodrigo (an acrobat who is blackmailing lulu) for her.Lulu what do you want? Dont ask too much.Schigolch well, now. if you ever felt nostalgic for our sure-enough (a) arrangement..Lulu oh god..Schigolch Why not?Lulu Im . alterationd. Im not a child any more.Schigolch what do see when you look at me now? Some aged monster?Lulu further youve already got a mistress.(Wedekind/Wright, 2007 Act 494)Lulu from a young age was passed around like a bunco for mens enjoyment. This information reflects that Lulu is always looking for someone to look after her, and the security which comes with marriage, as she has never had that as a child. Now as an adult Lulu can tho rely on her exceptional beauty and the fact all men from different status are drawn to her. This in turn em kings her to manipulate the men in her life, to bend to her every whim while the man quench thinks he is in control. But in return by becoming what the man wants from her Lulu is able to enchant them by targeting their weaknesses and getting what she may want in that times before her eyes come out to wonder again. This is more apparent when she marries for the second time, Eduard Schwarz. In this relationship she is the one who is control and she doesnt like this as she has nothing to manipulate him with, so it is my belief this is the reason she begins an affair with Dr Franz Schoning. This marriage to Schwarz seems to be a muscular relationship and very comfortable life style, and which by Lulu entering into this affair with Schoning makes me wonder that Lulu is not wanting a loving family and the security of being married, she wants some danger and excitement to her life, and to me this stingy attitude which many women from her background would kill for makes me think what does Lulu really want? Its apparent she need the security of marriage which is what order expects of women in her status and situation. But this isnt what lulu wants she is a healthy shake woman with a natural sexual appetite which unfortunately was going against the society grain.Lulus character was forrader of the times as she was written in a time when women were repressed a nd had to marry for security. In a way that was or so women in that era ambition was to marry well and above their station. In ostentation and Prejudice by Jane Austin Mrs. bennet was haunt with finding married mans for her five daughters. The heroine of Pride of Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the complete opposite of Lulu. Whereas Elizabeth Bennet wants to marry for have it off, and disliked the idea of marrying just for security.When she was proposed by her cousin Mr collins it takes him some time to understand that his proposal is being rejected by Elizabeth, in that time was rest unheard of to actually refuse a proposal.Your portion is unhappily so small that it will be in all likelihood undo the effects of you loveliness and amiable qualifications. As I must therefore conclude that you are not serious in your rejection of me, I shall chuse to attribute it to your wish of change magnitude my love by suspense, according to the usual practice of elegant females.(Austin,199610 6)Even Jane Austen herself in 1802 accepted a marriage proposal from Harris Bigg-Wither, but she later changed her mind the next day. In all of her novels the heroine somehow terminate in a suitable marriage with the man of their affections, yet she herself went on to becoming an old wet nurse which was her choice but in this article it states thatAusten never felt she had been presented with adequate choices it was either get married or become a governess or a teacher. (http//www.sexualfables.com/spinster.php).Harris Bigg-Wither who after her death read her books more intimately in trying to understand her refusal of him and came to conclusion that marriage didnt interest her, because in her novels she didnt include sexual passion, and alike she would only write about the prelude to marriage in a platonic way. So does this bastardly that Austen felt that sexual tension in a marriage would be the downfall of a relationship that started without it and that was based on affection ? I feel that Austen a women of the early 1800s who was expected to marry and was panic-stricken of sex and the complications that come with it, and thought marriage should be the product of 2 people in love and not a realistic and practical arrangement. She is quoted from a letter to her nieceAnything is to be preferred or endured kinda than marrying without Affection, (http//www.sexualfables.com/spinster.php).So in the early 1800s Jane Austen was changing the way women behaved towards marriage that being an old maid was the only acceptable life style if one wasnt inclined to marry. But by not marrying sparked rumours in the mid-nineties that Austen was in fact a lesbian and that was the real reason she didnt marry. This theory hasnt be proved or disproved, I think its an insult to any women if they take up not to marry that they are assumed be a lesbian. Even in todays society women are targeted and frowned upon if they choose to have a career over starting a family, which in my purview it is a mans ego that is being injured by not being needed.Frank Wedekind went a different way his play Lulu by making her of sorts a high class prostitute and giving Lulu the looks and the skills to manipulate the men she wanted to pursue. In my opinion the reason why Lulu was shocking for the time it was written in is because, it was common thought that men were driven by their sexual desires and women had none. If Lulu was a man this play would be called Casanova. If the lead was a male it wouldnt be as shocking as the world would have heard of the antics of Giacomo Girolamo Casanova de Seingalt who had died 1798 who was renowned for a sexual predator of young women and a gambler. But Lulu wasnt a man but she was influenced by the men in her life, she tried to gain power by enslaving the men she wanted with her sexual desire. another(prenominal) woman in fiction used the same skills in attain what information her pray had.Milady Clarick de wintertime from The Three M usketeersa novelbyAlexandre Dumas. Milady Clarick de Winter was a teenager forced to enter the convent, but when she gets there she falls in love with a priest with who she escapes with. They leave the church with stolen property to fund their innovative life together, for which both of them get caught and were branded criminals with the fleur de liys. Then she appears in Athos village living with a man, and pretending to be his sister. When Athos, cast in love with her and married her. After some time together he finds the brand on her shoulder, saying she was a thief. Thinking she had married him only for his money which is not true, a heart-broken Athos tries to kill her by hanging her from a tree. But she survived. At the time the book is written, apparently it was acceptable to kill your married woman if you found out she had committed a crime. Milady Clarick de Winter is a capable and beautiful spy, she is an example of a strong, independent woman with a tragic past, and fil led with hate for men, she enjoys seduction and the destruction of men. The men she traps will provide her with support for a short period of time but will most possible to meet an untimely end if they learn of her past. Milady Clarick de Winter is remorseless for her countless crimes.In my opinion Lulu and Milady Clarick de Winter are femme fatales, and to achieve their hidden purpose, by using their feminine assets such as beauty, charm, and sexual attract. Both seem to be victims, caught in a situation from which they cannot escape the connections between Milady Clarick de Winter and Lulu are uncanny having relationships ending in deadly consequences for the men they ensnare. Both Milady Clarick de Winter and Lulu have many names given or changed them through marriage. Dr Goll Lulus first husband in the play is in discussion with Dr Franz Schoning on their preferences on what they like to call her.With all these men renaming her is it any wonder that no-one knows the real Lulu? Does lulu exist anymore? I feel that there is such a power in a name, and by changing that aspect of a person they no longer exist. So by changing lulus name constantly she becomes a whole new person with a new personality over and over again, and is sculptured into whatever the man wants.Goll You see I call her Popsy.Schoning I thought Mignon suited her well.Goll Mignon? No, Popsys better, from my personal point of view. I have a weakness for the incomplete . . . the unripe . . . the innocent child in need of fatherly protection.(Wedekind/Wright, 200718)In the case of Milady Clarick de Winter she had to change her name as Athos, her first husband whom she loved deeply thought she was dead after hanging her from a tree, and for her own protection she changed it when she married Lord De Winter. With all these name changes is there wonder that these women manipulate men for their own gain. When its the man who has the power to change their names a moulding them into their puppets or to force them to change their name for protection. In the process stripping them of whom there are and who they could have been.Does society put the compact on women to behave a certain way still? In a culture that is obsessed with the celebrity and the morbid fantasy of when things go wrong trying to find the information because even in death we as a society still want more. Marilyn Monroe was a beauty with curves she was more than a 50s sex goddess. She dominated the age of movie stars to become the most famous woman of the 20th ascorbic acid and still has a strong fan base growing 45 years after her death. She was innate(p) Norma Jeane Mortenson and never knew who her father and was baptized Norma Jeane Baker. Her mother was mentally ill and Norma Jeane had to spend most of her childhood in foster homes and orphanages until she moved in with family friend, but when she was 16 the family she was living with was going to move and couldnt take Norma Jeane with them. She had two o ptions return to the orphanage or get married.So even in the 1940s girls without family had two choices the state or marriage, she married a boy who she had been dating for 6 months. On being discovered by a photographer while helping towards the war effort in a factory, and from then on she became a model and Marilyn Monroe. But her marriage didnt survive her new found career. Then she soared to fame by landing demand roles and various awards, but on the 5th august 1962 she died of a possible suicide. The events surrounding her death isthe most talked and debated conspiracy theories of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Many believe she was killed by order of the Kennedys and this was the belief of her second husband Joe DiMaggio and he died convinced the Kennedys were to blame, in an article about a book of his life written by his long term lawyer and friend Morris Engelberg. DiMaggio is to of expressedThey murdered the one person I loved, DiMaggio confided to Mr Engelberg .(http//news.scotsman.com/marilynmonroe/Joe-DiMaggio-died-convinced-JFK.2401434.jp)These beliefs come from man who loved her very deeply and expressed that the men she was in a romantic relationship was the cause of her demise, and many of her fans believe that there are allot of unanswered questions attached with her death and I agree the masses there is too much information missing. She was at the mercy of very healthy men who wanted to keep her quiet and the scandal if she ever diverged in the information she knew. The allegations of the Kennedys being connected with her death has not been proved or disproved. Like Lulu, Marilyn Monroe was playing a very dangerous bet by underestimating the power she had over men and the men in power. It is insinuated that Lulu was killed by Jack the Ripper an enlightened man who used his status to lure vulnerable prostitutes with his refinery and wealth, one the suspects was Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondalehe was grandson o f Queen Victoria but this was uncomplete proved or disproved. When doing my research the similarities between Lulu and Marilyn Monroe was very chilling both women were killed as the takings of men, but for me the fact that Lulu is a fictional character based on the women Wedekind met on his sex romping with prostitutes and his character has so many similarities with the icon Monroe is disturbing that plight of women hasnt changed much in a speed of light years and more.My aim in this essay was to Discuss Frank Wedekinds Lulu including the context and time it was written in, and if the female gender role has changed much in the time scale, by exploring other writers, and eventually looking at a modern day icon. I feel my discussion is in a very female point of view and Im sure that if this was written by a man it would have a very different angle and maybe I should have gotten a male opinion on the subject. Did Frank Wedekind write Lulu to shock society? Or to show that women of t he 1800s were restricted my gender and status through text. When Frank Wedekind wrote Lulu I think he knew it would be shocking in his society as a sex tragedy but I dont think that knew that he had divulged so much into the way women were repressed by their gender and how certain sexual traumas can affect the way women as a gender enter a sexual relationship. Even today women use their sexual allure to get what they want or to influence a man into doing things for them. Im my opinion women have been fighting for the right to be equal with men but yet we as a sex still choose to use our beauty to get what we want and is that because from a young age society and story books use the stereotype of the woman is at home with the children and the man makes a living and supports his family. The times have changed and as a culture we have accepted same sex marriage, same sex adoption and a black president which I thought I would never see in my life time, but the life long battle of the sex es continues and I dont think this is going to end with any outcome which will be acceptable for either side. Lulu is a modern drama of sex. Its not a facilitative story about gender roles or sexual politics, or even at heart a marriage play, as all four of her marriages end badly. Lulu is a ruthless test of the odious destructive would be of a basic human drive, and of that favourite scapegoat for that destruction, the femme fatale.BibliographyAusten.J (1996) Pride And Prejudice, London, Penguin Group.http//news.scotsman.com/marilynmonroe/Joe-DiMaggio-died-convinced-JFK.2401434.jphttp//www.sexualfables.com/spinster.phpWedekind.F/Wright.N (2007) Lulu, London chip off Hern Books limited.ResearchAscription of Identity The Bild motif and the character of Lulu, Silvio Jose Dos Santos, The Journal of Musicology, Vol. 21, No.2 (spring 2004), pp. 267-308http//www.marilynmonroe.com/Masterpieces of French literature By Marilyn S. SeversonRefraction of the Feminine The Monstrous Transforma tions of Lulu, Karin Littau, MLN, Vol. 110, No. 4, Comparative Literature Issue (Sept., 1995), pp. 888-912The Three MusketeersbyAlexandre Dumas

James Joyces Araby Plot Analyses English Literature Essay

James Joyces Araby Plot Analyses English literary works EssayAraby is viewing the Dubliners who are philistine lot (The Norton Anthology of English literary works 1066). Therefore th harshout the legend peerless leave encounter with the features relating to these kinds of people. Since these people are against art and culture, the over exclusively t champion of the study and the choice of the wrangling and the imageries are gloomy and dark. Furthermore the name of the story causes tension to the reviewer. It reminds one the exotic atmosphere of Eastern world, which leads us toward some strange notwithstandingt. The commingle of the story is toward finding the truth and finding one self.The career of our bring in brought us through with(predicate) the dark muddy lanes behind the houses, where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens . (Araby)In this short story the reviewer faces with many tensions. The beg inning or the introductory diverge of the story gives the reader the idea or the sense of becoming disappointed at the curio of the story. In the first cardinal paragraphs of it we expose to the sentences like the streets which is blind and quiet, the depopulated houses detached from its neighbors. These descriptions make the reader feel hopeless. There is no aliveness of life in this city even the houses are detached from each other. These images are going to foreshadow the coming parts of the story.The story is narrated by a boy who is nameless and because the whole part of the story is citing by first person pint of view and therefore a certain narrator we reliableize his growing and transferring from childishness to adulthood by the changes that is snuff it in his diction and his worldview. As well as passing childhood to physical maturity by experiencing the savour for the opposite sex, he is gaining sociable and mental maturity.At first, his childish behavior is rec ognizable through his imaginations and his proneness for the girl which is his friends sister.Romantic behavior idler be seen in his manner. He is in love with a girl that we dont know her name up to the end of the story. He has the head game of mutual love between themselves in his mind scarcely the reader is aware of this lack.As a tender boy who just has the illusion of love, he is feeling for a aftermath to prove or show his love to the girl, so when he has this fortune to do such a thing, willingly he is ready to do whatever his imaginary love wants. After speaking with the girl we can find the matter that he decided to go to Araby and buy her a gift. It could be assumed as a step toward physical maturity because he is leading responsibility to fulfill a adult females desire.After this part his mental struggle and conflict with him self is video display itself. Days and nights on his way to school and back home he is thinking near going to bazaar.From now on, till t he end of the story the narrator is use words with negative connotation which make the reader ready for the brashness and harshness of the situation thats going to come up.At the beginning of the story we could see his imagination casts on everything. The sense of a pure, innocent and raspy child who hasnt face with the reality and ugly side of life is tangible. exactly after the first big tension which he decided to go to Araby, the mental struggle concerning this matter doesnt let him to behave like before. As an example playing with his classmates is no more interesting for him. This is another soil which can be concerned as passing childhood toward manhood.He mentally has conflict about going to Araby. The part that he is spirit at the clock which its ticking bothers him, shows that the condemnation to go to the bazaar is reaching, but instead of a good feeling for going there he is really anxious. The night before going to the bazaar he is face at the dark house which t he girl lives there. Dark is the most ingeminate imagery by the narrator in the story, and it causes tension and dramatic situation.The instruct which he takes to Araby is a deserted train and move slowly as if it doesnt like and is unwilling to go there. On the way to the bazaar he saw ruinous houses, which seems he is going toward destruction. merely this is the destruction of his imaginations. all(a) these signs stand as images of mental and to some extent physical harm. His illusion of love is going to shattered.At last when he entered the bazaar he saw that the shops were closed and the greater part of it was in darkness. But even now at this gloomy and dark place he is looking for something romantic and brilliant like a flower tea-sets to buy for the girl.But exactly on this moment his world view toward love changes. His eyeball are opened toward reality, and the reader sees his awakening here.He stands by one of the shops that were opened and there a young lady was flirti ng with two English men just for the case to sell them something. She is flirting with them merely for materials. When that charwoman saw him and asked him if he wants help, her tone was just out of a sense of duty. And the arrogance that she has toward the boy, as she glanced at him over her shoulder is because of the reason that this boy was an intruder, and has nothing to do there.The sales woman acts as an mover here. She is the agent for awakening the boy. The boy rejects the womans help by saying No, convey you. By rejecting the sales womans help he is rejecting the love of that girl and negating all the reasons which have driven him to come to the Araby. He understand how cruel is the real life, and all his idealized vision of love shattered. In the last paragraphs of the story when he dropped the coins to his pocket the action revels that he let the material love goes. If we have a flash back to the beginning of the story the time which the girl asked the boy on their f irst meet to get something for her from Araby we will come to the fact that how materialistic is her view concerning love, and how childish he accept it.In the last line of the story the boy is creeping and its showing that how his idealized imagination is mocked by the real people of the real world. His eyeball are burned by anguish and anger which thoroughly marrow he becomes advised and gains the knowledge of oneself.In the last section of the root I like to mention the name of a play by Ibsen. In Ibsens A Dolls House the female character of the story was gaining self knowledge by the end of the play. Nora, the character of the play is a woman with a childlike and as if she is a grown up woman to some extent its good to say, sometimes with a childish behaviour. She is acquiring awakened at last. In this play the agent for Noras self conscious is a woman, Noras friend linde. We have also seen this self knowledge by the end of this short story by Joyce which we have analyzed th rough this paper.

Women in Viking Society

Wo manpower in Viking Society bureau of Wo men in Viking SocietyUpon hearing the word Viking, a specific figure is usually conjured in the minds eye. More often than not, it is of a group of big, burly men, pillaging helpless English villages and sailing crossways fjords, yet there has always been more to the Viking people than wielding axes and braving treacherous water, in particular when it comes to the women, who be comm simply left out of this stereotypical picture entirely. Vikingar, the nonagenarian Norse word for viking, was solely in reference to the men, who were the ones who primarily participated in trips to Great Britain, Europe, and the East. According to most sources, the women in spite of appearance Viking social club did not contact in those ii activities and were delegated to more domestic tasks back home. It was kn avouch that more women participated on expeditions to explore, though, and stock-stilltually settle in places such as Iceland, which was un settled and required that women travelled there to help create a ageless population, and Finland.According to the Judith Jesch at BBC News, Most journeys from Scandinavia involved sea-crossings in small, open enters with no protection from the elements. Families heading for the North Atlantic colonies would besides concord to push all the livestock they would need to establish a innovative far-offm, and the journey cannot wee-wee been pleasant. The Viking colonists settled down to the farming life in their new home, or established themselves as traders and became town-d headspringers. There is withal evidence that the women at bottom Viking hostel could manufacture a living in commerce. There have been merchants scales and weights discovered within the graves of women in Scandinavian countries, marking an draw mingled with women and trade. According to a ninth-century account of a Christian delegacy to Birky, a Swedish trading center, recounts the conversion of a r ich womanhood by the name of Frideburg, as swell up as her daughter, Catla.Though by law, Viking women were under the authority of the men in their lives, primarily their father or maintain, and they did not enjoy the same legal status as the men within their society. These women could inherit as much as their brothers would or, depending on the component wherein they lived, would not inherit anything at all. At a ingi meaning a thing which was an assembly of the free men of a province, country, or a hundred the women were uncapable to bring forth a case unless a man would take over the prosecution on her behalf. Girls were usually between the ages of twelve and fifteen when they were married and were expected to run the household. When entering a marriage, the bride would have a dowry which would consist of materials such as linen paper and cloth, as well as a spinning wheel and a bed. Girls from more affluent families could also bring silver and gold jewelry, animals, and s ometimes steady farms. While she brought all of these things as part of her dowry, they still remained her ad hominem property and never became a full part of her husbands estate and it would be her children whod inherit it.Once married, gender references were even more clearly defined and the women were in charge of making sure bounteous that the familys solid food would last throughout the long winter and they would make preciselyter and cheese, as well as dried and smoked seek and meat for storage. Also, as a wife, a woman was expected to have knowledge of what herbs were good for taking c ar of the sick and wounded. In her husbands absence, she was in charge of running the farm and even when her husband was not away, the animals were one of her responsibilities. Often, if she was from a rich family, she would have slaves and servants to help her and, as a sign of authority, she would wear the key to the food storage chests. She also would cook, clean, and make article o f clothing for everyone. When it came to clothing for themselves, Viking women liked to dress as well as they could, in woollen dresses. Sometimes they would wear an article of clothing called an over-dress, material that was wrapped over their dress and most the woman and held up by shoulder straps, fastened with brooches. They would often wear leggings or socks and a scarf to cover their hair. When it came to jewelry, they wore pieces made of silver and gold with intricate designs. contempt many obvious shortcomings that came with being a woman and a wife in Viking society, a woman could file for a divorce from her husband. If she became displeased with her husband in any way that the Vikings found substantial enough reason if her husband was lazy and did not work to provide for the family, if he treated her or their children poorly, or insulted the family that she came from she was allowed to divorce him. To achieve this, and in the figurehead of witnesses, she would declare herself divorced at the end of the bed her and her husband share and as her front door. Upon divorcing him, she could reclaim her dowry and keep any young children with her, while any older children would be divided between the two parents depending on the status and wealth of the parents families.Since most womens lives were centered around the home, they managed to have a great influence within that sphere and, as a result, many women were buried with things that symbolize the importance of those roles and influences, as well as their responsibility and control over the distribution of clothing and food within the household. Though this was the most common way women in Viking society obtained notoriety, some were well known for different reasons. The Oseberg queen, buried with an ornately-decorated ship and high-quality goods was one of the richest buriest of the Viking Age, showcasing her prestige. There was also the grave of the Pagan wench of unclothe Castle, which was dis covered in a Christian cemetery on the islet of Man. To this date, it is one of the richest Viking burials for a woman found outside of Scandinavia. The Pagan Lady of Peels grave is solid proof of powerful women and of a high status during the Viking Age. One of these women was the daughter of a Norwegian captain from the Hebrides, named Aud, who married a Viking based in Dublin. Upon the deaths of her husband and son, Aud took control of the draw that the family held and had a ship bring her and hers remaining daughters to places such as Orkney, Iceland, and Faroe. Later, she settled in Iceland and distributed land to most of her followers.While it can be onerous to assure records about many actual women within Viking society, it is much easier to find them within legend and folklore, where they often took the role of shieldmaidens (women who fought as warriors). There are very few historical accounts that say that women took part in warfare, but according to a Byzantine histor ian named Johannes Skylitzes, women may have fought in battle when Sviatoslav I of Kiev attacked the Byzantines in 971 in Bulgaria. The Varangians were defeated, but the victors were move to discover women among the fallen, armed as warriors. Even Leif Eriksons pregnant half-sister, named Freyds Eirksdttir, was said to have taken up a sword of her own and scared away Native Americans, according to the Greenland saga, though she is never explicitly referred to as a shieldmaiden. Even with a couple accounts such as these, it is difficult to prove that these shieldmaidens existed outside of Norse mythology. Though there are many shieldmaidens of legend, including Brynhild, Hervor, and the princess Thornbjrg, but they were largely members of the aristocracy.By the 11th century, Scandinavians began to be Christianized. With this locoweed conversion, the women were given the opportunity to take on new roles within society these roles are often seen in the rune stones from that time. Thr ough depictions of the Nativity, the Dynna stone, found in Norway, memorializes Astrid, the daughter of Gunnvor. Similarly, the Stket stone, hailing from Sweden, commemorates a woman who went on a pilgrimage named Ingirun. In addition, Queen Emma of Normandy, daughter of Duke Richard of Normandy, descended from Normandys Viking founder Rollo. She married two kings of England and gave experience to two others, but it was during her married to the Danish Cnut that she was a notable presenter of the Church. Upon the death of her husband, she had a record of the Danish kings who, in the 11th century, were in England written up. She called this work the Encomium Emmae and it had a portrait of Queen Emma within the manuscript. Women in the Norse world were far more open to Christianity than the men were and, in religious matters, women were highly regarded, as shown in the Edda, the main source of Medieval skaldic tradition and word itself maybe even meaning great-grandmother. It is no coincidence that the very first church make within Greenland was built by Thjodhild, the wife of Erik the Red and mother of Thorsten and Leif Erikson.Though despite the advances that women were able to make through the Christianization of Viking society, practices such an infanticide, the killing of newborn babies, were still estimable nearly exclusively on female babies. In Viking society, sons were of much great value for they could participate on raids and in trade, which would increase a familys fortune and land, as well as their honor. Daughters were more of a excite to a family, having to be married off and provided with dowries and having to raise fewer females would also mean that even fewer babies would be born in the future, which would thence save the household from having even more mouths to feed.While we know only a small amount of the women in the Norse world, we know even less of the lives lead by any female servants and slaves, who were the ones that more ofttime s took care of the children. There is very little known about women who were raised(a) and lived within smaller households. While life for women in Viking society was far better than for women throughout the rest of Europe, gender roles were still clearly defined. The role could shift depending on certain, specific circumstances, or in fictional sagas, but it remained a fact that the Norse world was a patriarchal one.BibliographyJesch, Judith. Viking Women. BBC News. BBC, 29 Mar. 2011. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.Harrison, D. Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Flth Hssler, Vrnamo.Snorri Sturluson. The Prose Edda Tales from Norse Mythology, translated by Jean I. Young (University of California Press, 1964)Judith Jesch, Women in the Viking Age (New York The Boydell Press, 1996), 107-108.Andrew Dennis, Peter Foote and Richard Perkins, trans., Laws of aboriginal Iceland, Grgs (Winnipeg, MB University of Manitoba Press, 1980), 51.

Health and Safety Processes at Work: Chemical Hazards

Health and Safety Processes at fit Chemical HazardsFrance OgagarueManaging Health and Safety Process at Work way out Chemical Hazards1.0 IntroductionChemical Hazard under the (WHS Directives) is both(prenominal) material, change integrity or article that satisfies thecriteria of one or additional internationall(a)y concord system of category and classificationof chemic substance substance substance hazards classes, counting in (WHS Directives in schedule section 6 of the directive) in relative to chemical, a chemical hazard is a set of natural properties of the material, mix article or process that may cause hostile effect to the organisms, federation or environments.(WHS Directives) analysis further, there argon deuce main types of chemical hazards affiliated with unwarranted chemicals, which may present an instant or big barrier damage or haleness illness to worker eudaimonia and creature. The two main types of chemical hazards are classified as follows.According to (WHS Directives) wellness hazards, this are properties chemical that conquer the potential to cause unfavourable health effect, for examples, exposure frequently occur throughout inhalation, and shin contacts or ingestion, unfavourable health effect can been either, (acute short term) or (chronic long term) unpolluted acute health effects comprise of headaches, vomiting or skin decay, while chronic health effects comprise of dermatitis, nerve damage, crabmeat and asthma.Further examination from (WHS Directives) physicochemical hazards, this are physical or chemical properties of the material that mix or article that pretence put on the lines to worker health, and new(prenominal) than health lay on the lines, they do not arise as result of the total contact of the chemical with peoples. They arise throughout unsuitable handling or use and can frequently effects in damage to peoples and or constipation to properties as effect of the intrinsic physical hazard, examples, of physicochemical hazards contain explosive, corrosive or flammable, therefore, chemically reactive and oxidising chemicals both have health and physiochemical dangerous.Management InterventionBretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 2nd ed. (1979) chemical analysis the role of management intervention must included risk appraisal under (WHS Directive) although its necessary for specific situation, for examples, when workings with hazardous chemical materials. However, management though in many situation it pass on be the greatest way to establish the posting that have to be implement to govern hazards and risks in the workplace including the environment, (EMS-ISO 4001) BS.In addition, management intervention will assist the next for examples.Recognize which worker well-being, are at risk to chemical hazards exposureEstablish which sources and process are do the chemical hazards and risksCategorize what kind of secure and supervise nib should be implementVeri fication of the efficiency of the existing simplicity measure and monitoring systems in placeWhen the hazards and the related risks are well know, and have well be set up and established suitable adequate control measure to monitor the hazards chemical risk in the work environments, the risk appraisal must also judge anticipated failure of ingraft and machinery tooling equipments, as well as any additional control measure to avoid the hazards chemical risk of workers, community and the environment issue in line with (EMS-ISO 4001) BS.1.2. Management Best PracticeHilado, C.J. Clack. Organic Solvent, Chem. Eng, NY, (1972), (19), (75-80) beliefs, management must implement their outflank safety practice to intervene with reference to (WHS Directives. R. 330) to underwrite the producer or the importer must put in practise a safety symbol of safety date sheet for the hazardous chemical before initial developed or import hazardous chemical or as speedily as best practicable after(pr enominal) the initial developed or import and before initial egress, to any work place. Therefore, the producer or the importer of the hazardous chemical must supply up to date the safety data sheet for the hazardous chemical.1.3 LabelsNIOSH OSHA ware Guide to Chemical Hazards, (NIOSH) September (1978), Public, No, (78) analysis, the producer and the importer of a hazardous chemical must ensure its properly label as quickly as best practicable, after developed or importing the hazardous chemical substances under (WHS Directive. R. 335), hazardous chemical information will be accessible from the label, some product labels do not enclose all chemical hazards information, and i.e. all hazards chemical substances that are dangerous goods are secure labelled to meet safety transport requirements. Below some examples of safety hazardous chemical label cautions and the types of hazardous hazards you can simply identify. flammable Acute Toxicity Warning Human Health CorrosiveSources Http //www.HSG 651.4 Control MeasureProctor, N. Hughes, Hazards in the Workplace, (1978) analysis the pecking order of control of hazards chemical readily available in a quantity of ways to control the risks related with hazardous chemical substances, several machines control measure are extra effective than others, control measure can been rank jump the highest levels of defence and dependability to the lowest levels. These ranking is recognized as the pecking order of control measure and monitoring systems.Management of hazards chemical substance, must forever and a day aim to eliminate a hazards and related risks initial, if these is not reasonably best practicable, the risks should be minimised by means of one or the following overture techniques either by for examples, the followings.By Substitution.By Isolation and,By implementing engineer control guards.If a risk then leftovers, it must be minimised by implement an administrative control measure in places, so farther as is reasonably best practicable means, any leftover risks must be minimised with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).In summary its advisable to implement local exhaust ventilation systems to arrest airborne contamination substance that will cause hazardous chemical vituperate to workers well-being, working environment and the community the ventilation must be in safety order to stop contamination of chemical substance harm from incoming contact toward the breathing zone in relation to the workers health and safety.1.5 ConclusionIn occupational health and safety, chemical hazard is any material that has be mix or article of difference crew of chemical substance, under (WHS Directive) that can lead to cause harm to well-being of workers health and safety at the working place and environments or the community in general. The health effect from hazardous chemical can chip in to either acute short term or chronic long term health effects therefore, risk appraisal is necessary for a specific situation to manage the hazards chemical substance within the working place to recognize which worker at risk to hazardous chemical. Therefore, hierarchy of control measure of hazards chemical issue have be implements in the working place to monitors and minimised the risks level of workers expose to the above hazards, the risks control measure must aim to eliminate the risks and hazards associated the chemical substances either by the following ways, by substitution, isolation or implementing engineering or an administrative control measure including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)

Impact of Absenteeism on Productivity

Impact of Absenteeism on productivenessEmployees of distinguish up to(p) establishments atomic number 18 entitled to a given over number of leaves like nauseous and local leaves among differents fit to the law. in that respectfore, tout ensemble organisations stomach expect a certain full point of absence seizure seizure and autisticness. However, it discharge be discover that much and more than peck in organisations argon having frequent absences and many cases of menacingness collapse been recorded.In 2007, Confede dimensionn of British Industry/AXA Absence Survey has set the bell of absence to employers in the UK at more than 13 billion a course, while cost per employee is 659 annually. consort to Williams (2003), in Canada similarly billions of dollars ar lost each year referable to listlesseeism.Sickness absenteeism and infirmity is therefore a growing major(ip) global problem touch on thousands organisations. High aim of absenteeism is a salutary problem for some(prenominal) large and small organisations, since they be costly to some(prenominal) soulfulness establishments and economy as a whole and adversely affecting ability, plenteousness, and profitability.Sickness absenteeism and infirmity locoweed be an indication of fundamental organisational problems. on that pointfore, it is historic to establish the cause and discern out solutions through the examination of organisations policies and activities.There atomic number 18 several reasons why employees competency be absent or fall sick. These reasons might be wretched get dget recoiling conditions and similitudeship with management, no motivation, and no scope of self-development, a shade within the organisation and no banding opportunities, too much air at bestow among differents. Thus, it is recognise that it is becoming requirement to find social and institutional remedies.When employees argon absent and ill, it superstars to poor produc tivity. And therefore, costs of the organisation swots as the goods and services argon of poor quality. In the United States according to the Commonwealth Fund, to the highest degree $260 billion are loss in output callable to wellness- link problems. Hence, it is crucial for an organisation to realize the causes of disorder absenteeism and unsoundness and their impact on the organisation.Therefore, it is both the legal and team spirit duties of the employer to prevent people in the organisation from being made ill with their respective exertions. This is because, a healthy tender in both common tell and private organisations is important, as the corpo lay objective of organisations largely depends on health and as well non-health issues of its population. That is, happy employees are efficient and productive employees. puzzle StatementThe problem of advanceder(prenominal) level of indisposition absenteeism and sickness at get is an existing problem at lineage Maur itius, affecting productivity. These are some frequent among staffs work on shift hours. The sickness absenteeism rate at Air Mauritius is illustrated as fol humblesYearSickness Absences (man-old age)200612457200714654200817323200915418Out of the sickness absences recorded, an sightly of 23.5% is registered on week-end. In addition, a query of the non-communicable screening exploit carried out at the Head Office and the SSR International Airport among 1100 employees illustrates that an average of 50% of the soulfulnesss are pre-diabetic or diabetic, swallow laid-back risks of suffering from cardiac arrest and are either obese or overweight.Therefore, the above instruction gives a clear indication that the prevalence of health problems, absenteeism problem which is kind of pronounced among employees of Air Mauritius Ltd. That is why, absenteeism and health issues have to be closely monitored and support else it would have a secure effect on the performance of employees. He nce, the sight leave be based on finding the reasons of a last sickness absence rate and find elans to help employees to last out in good health.1.3 Research ObjectivesIdentify the causes of sickness absenteeism and sickness at Air Mauritius Ltd.Does sickness absenteeism and sickness impact on productivity at Air Mauritius Ltd.Give Air Mauritius Ltd employees incentives to be more productive and mend at work.Establish an absence management policy at Air Mauritius.1.4 Proposed MethodologyData collection let ins primary witnessers and secondary sources. The primary source includes an interview with the Human Resources department and the Health Safety department to find out the rate of absenteeism and sickness cut acrosss in the ground ope dimensionns, engineering and confine operations departments. Discuss with employees and collect data through questionnaire which entrust be administered to a sample of employees.Secondary sources consist of data collected from the companys website, powder store articles, journals records like Emerald, EBSCO among a nonher(prenominal)s and discordant books about human resources absenteeism and productivity.1.5 The layout of the dissertationThe subject nether cartoon will be presented as followsChapter 2 Literature revaluationUnder this chapter, a literature review has been d unrivalled concerning the nature of sickness absenteeism, sickness and productivity, their costs, the featureors clueing to sickness absenteeism and sickness and the possible solutions to reduce sickness absenteeism and sickness and accession productivity at work.Chapter 3 Company profileThis chapter set an overview of the company Air Mauritius Ltd. The worry in which it operates, its products and its customers are described. Its work milieu, management and staff population and its evolution are as well presented.Chapter 4 Research methodologyThis chapter explains the methodology that has been used to get an perceptiveness in the subjec t and discuss the limitations of this find out.Chapter 5 Survey findings and analysishither the findings that have been generated from the survey are presented using graphs, charts and they are analysed in nonification to this project.Chapter 6 Recommendations and conclusionAfter the survey findings are analysed the shortcomings in the project are illustrious and recommendations are made.Annex 1 Sample questionnaire given to employees.2 Literature Review2.1 Definitions2.1.1 AbsenteeismIn general absenteeism is outlined as the nonstarter to show for work or any opposite general duty. This commonly disrupts work schedules adding workloads to those who are at work which might lead to low morale among employees. Therefore, absenteeism obstructs the good functioning of production and efficient rails of an organisation. Lokke A.K, Eskildsen. J and Jesen. T. W (2007) similarly reported that the traditional translation of absence is about not being physically present at the place a nd clipping the employee is expected to be.Davey. M.M, Cummings. G, Newburn-cook. C. V, and Lo. E. A (2009) have be absenteeism as the failure to appear to work when planned, and according to them absence is mea sealedd by absolute frequency or amount of work days missed. The Entrepreneur (http//www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia) described absenteeism as an employees deliberate or habitual absence from work. Everybody misses a day of work now and then. But its a problem when an employee misses too many days of work. Not showing up for work ignore cause serious problems when other employees have to cover for the missing worker or, worse, the work only doesnt get done.Another description by Nicholson (1977, p. 237) said that Absence, in the diction of economics, is an unpredictable variation in the firms labour supply and in labor-intensive and technologically primitive settings which can produce costly concomitant variations in output.Furthermore, Harvey and Nicholson (1993), p. 841 recognized that absenteeism was the major cause of lost productivity in business and industry. In a similar vein, Buschak. M, Craven. C and Ledman. R (1996) stated that absenteeism is a difficulty that every organisation or business faces creating costs and productivity problems. Thus, leading to a heavier work load on the majority of employees who have shown up for work. This type of situation tends to create dis bliss, frustration, seek and fatigue among employees2.1.2 Types of AbsenteeismThere are two main types of absence voluntary and involuntary. Hackett and Guion, (1985) have be voluntary absences as what is in the control of the employee. These can take form of short-term, casual and illegitimate absences which is based on the motivation of the employee. On the other hand, involuntary absences are what are beyond the control of the employee they are normally due to sickness or family responsibilities.2.1.2 SicknessReijenga. F. A. (2006) specify sickness as all typ es of health problems or disabilities. As mentioned before there are two types of sickness, short term sickness for example influenza and enormous term sickness such as diabetes which is classified as a chronic disease.Tabaluyan, T., Kuswadji, S (1996) reported that sickness absence is defined as not being able to work due sickness or injury, that is, the incapability to work. In the same way, Employers Organisation, (2005) elaborated that sickness absence should include industrial injury, part days absence, and other self-certificated absence which is not explicitly ascribed to be an brookable reason other than sickness.However, M. Borritz, R. Rugulies, K. B Christensen, E. Villadsen and T. S Kristensen (2005) indicated that sickness absence is a complex phenomenon that can be caused by individual, work relate, organisational, and societal factors. Sickness absence has been discussed as a consequence of ill health,a coping mechanism, behaviour of social equity, a answer to org anisational injustice, or a consequence of exposure to adverse work-environment factors. Furthermore, Whitaker S. to a fault agreed with the fact that sickness absence is influenced by many factors like social causes other than health issues.2.1.3 ProductivityIn an economist point of view productivity is a ratio of some measure of output to some world power of input use, according to Eatwell and Newman (1991). Therefore, productivity is nothing more than the arithmetic ratio of amount produced to amount of any resources used in the course of production. An online definition by http//business.yourdictionary.com, stated that productivity is the efficiency with which output is produced by a given set of inputs. Productivity is generally measured by the ratio of output to input. An increase in the ratio indicates an increase in productivity. Conversely, a decrease in the output/input ratio indicates a lineage in productivity. However, definitions of productivity in the above context a re meant to the manufacturing sector.2.1.3.1 Productivity in the Service SectorRutkauskan. J and Paulaviciene. E (2005) have examine the apprehension of productivity in the service sector and they aroused that productivity, efficiency and effectiveness are terms that should be used together. This is because to be productive one should be both efficient and effective. The analysis of productivity is a difficult task in the service sector. As the productivity concept in the service sector involves both the organisation and the customer. tally to Tolentini (2004) productivity depends on the value of the products and services and the efficiency upon which they are produced and distributed to the customers. Similarly in the research work of Maroto-Sanchez. A (2010) productivity is about being both efficient and effective. He described effectiveness as to how an organisation meets the alert quests and expectations of its customers. Hence it can be seen that, to be productive in the s ervice sector employees have to be both effective and efficient. Therefore, employers have to look into that their employees are effective and efficient liberal to abide a good service to their customers.2.2 Causes of sickness absenteeism and sicknessThere are various factors that affect sickness absence and sickness. Factors affecting sickness absence in the air travel sector can be classified as health related issues such as injury at work such as musculoskeletal pains focal point and fatigue and so on, and non-health related issues like organisational trueness, calling triumph among others since according to Whitaker. S. research, sickness absenteeism is influenced by a variety of factors non-related to health. Testimonials that have been gathered among employees at Air Mauritius have turn up that sickness absenteeism is mostly related to the non health-related issues. However, it is only subsequently the analysis of the questionnaires that we will be able to render t he real causes of absenteeism and its impact on productivity.2.3 Non Health-related issues2.3.1 Organisational commissionOrganisational Commitment is typically measured by items tapping respondents willingness to work hard to ameliorate their companies, the fit amidst the firms and the workers values, reluctance to leave, and loyalty toward or pride interpreted in working for their employers (Maume, 2006, p. 164). Similarly, Boolaky. M and Gokhool. D, p. 73 defines organisational allegiance as the degree to which a person is connected to the organisation he or she is working for. The person is proud to be associated to the organisation and is committed to work towards the objectives and goals of the organisation. umpteen studies have reported that there is a relationship between organisational commitment and absenteeism. Gellatly, 1995 and Somer, 1995 studies have cerebrate that organisational commitment is disconfirmingly related to absenteeism. That is, when an employee is not committed to its organisation, this will tend to impact negatively on absenteeism. A research carried out by Meyer and Allen (1991) reported that commitment comprises three components namely affective, duration and normative. Where affective commitment refers to the individuals turned on(p) attachment to the organisation her/she is working, that is the individual participates in the organisations activities because he/she wants to. Continuance commitment is when someone realises that too much slide fastener or time have been devoted to leave the organisation or that they would not be able to find another profession. And normative commitment is when an individual feels that he/she has an obligation to participate in the activities of the organisation and that it is the expert thing to do. Meyer (1997) found that affective commitment was strongly linked to absence behaviour. However, normative commitment according to Meyer (1993) was negatively related to absenteeism on the o ther hand Somers (1995) has found no relationship between the two. And at last, Mayer and Schoorman (1992) concluded that continuance commitment did not have a strong relation with absenteeism.2.3.2 Job InvolvementJob pastime commonly includes identifying with the business enterprise,actively combat-ready in the gambol, and perceiving muse performance to be importantto self-image (Blau. G. J, 1985 Rabinowitz Hall, 1977). Robbins (1998) defines labor interest as the degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, considers his or her performance important to self-work. That is, job booking refers to the extent to which one is committed and participates in his or her job.The direct relationship of job date to absenteeism is very ambiguous. Blau. G. J (1986) review of the studies carried out at that time, found that the studies had different conclusions this is because there are differences in the measurement and samples taken. Taunton et al. and Cohen (2000) showed that there is a negative relationship between job sake and absenteeism. However, job liaison and productivity have a positive relationship. That is, as job involvement increases, productivity increases and vice versa. According to W. H. Weiss (2006) employees who are involved in their jobs, that is, they have the know-how of why they need to carry out certain tasks and how does these contribute to the organisations goals are the most productive workers. Therefore, it can be illustrious that job involvement is necessary to increase productivity of employees.2.3.3 Job SatisfactionJob merriment refers to an wound up state of mind that reflects an affective reaction to the job and the work situation, whereas the decoct of organisational commitment is on a more global reaction ( wound up or non-emotional) to the entire organization (Dipboye et al., 1994 Farkas and Tetrick, 1989 Lance, 1991 Russell and Price, 1988). (Falkenburg. K and Schyns. B, 2007, p . 710)Job satisfaction is defined as the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs (Spector, 1997, p. 2). This rendering implies that job satisfaction is a broad or global emotional reaction that individuals hold about their job. Researchers and practitioners have evaluated different facets or dimensions of satisfaction. Examining these facets is ordinarily useful for assessing employee satisfaction with critical job factors. Traditional job satisfaction facets consist of co-workers, pay, job conditions, supervision, nature of the work and benefits(Williams). Studies have found that job satisfaction can in any case be an independent variable affecting both productivity and absenteeism. (Boolaky. M and Gokhool. D, p. 75).There have had many theories on the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism. Most of these studies concluded that as job dissatisfaction increases, self-reported absenteeism increases (Taunton et al. 1885, Dra go and Wooden 1992). In 1982, a study made by the Business Roundtable stated that job dissatisfaction affects absenteeism to a great extent. Employers should understand that the companys goals and quality supervision are necessary for job satisfaction. It has also been noted that as size of job increased, job satisfaction decreased.Furthermore Hinze et al. (1985), report that identified the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction describe that absenteeism was demoralise among those who had strong cohesiveness that is, team spirit, and when management criticised workers for being absent it was observed that absenteeism was lower, employees who regarded their work as mentally inspiring had fewer absences. more thanover Hausknecht, Hiller and Vance. (2008), defined job satisfaction as the sense of enjoyment that individuals derive from their dumbfounds on the job and within the team they work with. Therefore, according to this report high get wordance is expected in wo rking environment where there is high satisfaction. This is because, the members of the team have this feeling of belonging and support among themselves.Moreover, it can be observed that in a working environment where there is high satisfaction it increases the level of productivity. P. Valdes-Flores and J. A. Campos-Rodriguez (2008) describe job satisfaction as a set of favourable or unfavourable feelings for the employees to perceive their work and that coiffure the possibility of a major disposition to achieve higher performance, consequently, job satisfaction refers to an individuals general attitude towards his or her job.Link between involvement and commitmentBlau (1986) had developed the interaction of job involvement and organisational commitment and how this change absence behaviour. Moreover, Blau and Boal (1987) refined the idea. The study reported that there are quaternity level of contribution of high and low of job involvement and job commitment. When job involvemen t and job commitment are high, employees are not likely to be absent and if they happened to be absent this could be due to genuine sickness. This type of employees is called institutional stars. Those who experience a low job commitment but high job involvements are absent because of career prospects or due to working environment, these persons are called lone wolves. Individuals with low job involvement and high organisational commitment called the corporate citizen respect their co-workers and also run to the norms and goals of the organisation they work for. Those could be absent from work in according to the organisations lawful absence rules. And lastly the apathetic employees identify themselves having a low job involvement and organisational commitment, they have highest rate of absence.Link between organisational commitment and job satisfactionMany studies have reported the association between organisational commitment and job satisfaction (Meyer et al, 2002). According to Levison and Moser, (1997) employees tend to be lethargy without job satisfaction, which reduces organisational commitment. Furthermore, a study carried out by Steers and Rhodes (1978) stated that job satisfaction and organisational commitment play a big role in determine employee answerance. Griffeth et al (2000), indicated that organisational commitment was a better predictor of absenteeism than job absenteeism. However, as job satisfaction is more about the emotional state of mind, it is influenced by daily events rather than organisational commitment which cover the organisation as a whole and develops over time (Sagie, 1998).Link between job satisfaction and job involvementWegge. J, Schmidt. K, Parkes. C and Dick. R. V (2007) found that events at work impact on how employees feel at work then find out job satisfaction. Furthermore, job involvement measures the importance of the job to ones self tone and therefore represents personality differences. Job satisfaction is situa tional variable and job involvement personality in our reasoning. Thus, they both interact. That is, if job satisfaction is low, job involvement will negatively affect absenteeism. However, when job satisfaction is high in any situation it will overcome the impact of job involvement on absence behaviour. Job satisfaction therefore has a insure impact on job involvement and absence. To be more precise, when job satisfaction is low, job involvement is negatively related to absenteeism whereas, when job satisfaction is high, job involvement is not associated to absenteeism.2.3.4 Organisational CultureMorgan. G has described organizational culture as The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities, that represents the funny character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it. Another definition of organizational culture by Schein. E a pattern of dual-lane basic assumptions that the group le arned as it solved its problems that has worked well enough to be considered valid and is passed on to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.Norms influence everyone in an organisation they are unwritten and usually tell things like they are influencing everyones perception in the organisation and they contribute to the norms and support them. Nowadays, we live in an absenteeism culture. According to Smit (2000), absenteeism and culture are negatively related. That is, employees encouraged and supported by the society to call a sick leave. However, employers do support absenteeism as a ethnic phenomenon. That is, when people take sick days when they are not sick, employers accept this as a cost to the organisation. (Allen. R. F, Higgins M. 1979)2.3.5 MotivationRobbins and Coulter (1999) have defined motivation as the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals as conditioned by that efforts ability to satisfy some individual need.Luthans (1998) stated that motivation is the process that arouses, energizes, directs, and sustains behaviour and performance. That is, it is the process of exhilarating people to action and to achieve a desired task. One way of stimulating people is to employ effective motivation, which makes workers more satisfied with and committed to their jobs. coin is not the only motivator. There are other incentives which can also serve as motivators.Steers Rhodes (1978), developed the most common model of absenteeism. They picture that attendance is determined by the employees motivation to go to work. However, Lee (1989) evaluated the notional facts of the Steers Rhodes Model (1978) and found that motivation is not strongly related to attendance. Nevertheless, the study of Burton. J. P, Lee. T. W, Holtom. B. C (2002), claimed that sickness absenteeism was related to ones motivation to attend work. That is, according to some theories sickness absenteeism i s not only due to illness but it may be voluntary, Brooke (1986). Employees might use sickness as an excuse not to go to work, where there are other causes of this event behaviour, Martocchio (1996). Moreover, the Recruitment and involution Confederation (REC) suggested that in order to reduce absence, the best way was to ensure that employees are well-motivated by their jobs. And to motivate employees, employers have to keep them informed of their target-the-scenes strategies for survival during recession, Anne Fairweather (2009), head of public policy at an organisation.Motivated employees can be productive employees. Recognition, working environment and work achievement are factors that can keep employees motivated thus highly productive. Employees who achieve the goals order by their supervisor are usually well-motivated. And expect recognition after the long hours of hard work, for instance an increase in salary, bonuses or promotional materials. According to a research carried out by Personnel Today (2008), employees were more productive when they received recognition for their work and praise from management. Working environment is another factor to motivate employees in being productive and need to be provided with a pleasant environment to work. Therefore it can be noted that motivation is necessary to increase productivity. personalised IssuesEvery employee in any organisation has to go through personal issues. It can be observed that facing these issues most of the time and energy of that particular person is focused on their personal issue they are dealing with. Personal issues can take the form of family problems, ill parents or young children to take care of, drug abuse, drinking problems, sexual orientation and many more distracting one from his or her job. According to Ericson (2001) issues like child and eldercare, single-parent families are those characteristics that might lead to an impact on absenteeism at any level in an organisatio n. Furthermore, Goff et al. (1990) found that when ones work and family issues are conflicting there is a great frequency of absenteeism. It has also been noted that management in most organisations are lenient, staffs make excuses of being sick so as not to attend work, consequently, recording a sick leave. This is also common in the tune sector especially among staffs having odd working hours they find it easier to register for sick leave so as to be able to manage their own issues. Shift work influence the working choices of parents and to be able to continue shift workers child-care services should be offered, P. D. Brandon and J. B. Temple (2007).Employees have to make sure that they do not bring their personal issues into the office. Therefore, organisations must be able to provide a pleasant environment where employees would not think about their personal issues instead of concentrating on their work. Some company might also provide psychological help to their staffs. As p ersonal problems can lead to a fall in productivity.Health Related IssuesHealth promotion seems to impact positively on employees health, morale, level of sickness absenteeism and productivity. Unfortunately it is noted that the necessary structures and facilities to promote health are not available at Air Mauritius, however, management has shown its intention to change the situation and has establish wellness and fitness centres.Chronic DiseasesChronic diseases do have an impact on employees sickness absence and sicknesses at work, example of chronic diseases are diabetics, cancers among others. The productivity of the organisation is also affected when the employee is ill. For example an employee suffering a particular form of cancer will have various complications and might not be able to attend work for a few days. This will lead to a drop of staff, thus increasing the workload of others. Therefore, organisations can exercise some control over illnesses by ensuring a safe(p) a nd healthy workplace, proper ergonomic jut out, health and safety management 27policies/practices to book of facts absenteeism in the workplace (Ericson, 2001). These can facilitate healthier working environments and provide favourable conditions to reduce absenteeism and enhance satisfaction and productivity.Fatigue and StressAccording to the New Grolier Webster International dictionary of English Language fatigue is defined as the tiredness of a persons physical or mental energy. More precisely it is described as a specific reaction of our of import nervous system and muscular system due to exertion (S. L. metalworker et al., 2009). That is, the exhaustion of strength due to continued stress. Stress on the other hand is identified as factors causing mental or emotional strain or tension to a person (New Grolier Webster International Dictionary of English Language). Khodabakhsh Ahmadi and Kolivand Alireza, (2007) stated that stress is often used to describe the bodys responses to demands pose upon it, whether these demands are favourable or unfavourable. In this context however, stress is related to the work place where due to unsatisfactory work organisation, management, environmental design and differences between the efforts put into work compared to the rewards received (S. L. Smith et al., 2009).The level of work-related stress has increased consequently during the past few years in the aviation sector. C. Kelleher S. McGilloway, 2005, claimed in a research carried out for an Irish airline that the level of work-related stress among stress is high. Khodabakhsh Ahmadi and Kolivand Alireza, 2007, have found that the level of work stress among military pilots has also increased. The report of the ITF 2009, indicated that there has been a serious increase in stress and fatigue since 2000.There are various causes of work-related stress and fatigue in the aviation sector. The odd and long hours of work which usually results in overtime, drain staffs both emotionally and physically. Fatigue and stress is also caused due to the lack of rest. Airline staffs working in different time zones and odd hours are the ones experience chronic sleep deprivation. A rise in the level of flights and passengers has led to uncontrollable work load due to high work demands causing stress and fatigue among staffs. The tradition of overbooking flights in almost all airlines is the cause of various problems. Passengers who find themselves left behind due to the lack of seats on the flights are usually boisterous and tend to shout at staffs using abusive language thus stressing them.People working in the aviation sector have experience a consequent rise in the stress level at work (S. L. Smith et al., 2009). Hence this impact on sickness absenteeism and sickness thus affecting the productivity level of employees.Injury at workAn organisation must make sure that it provides the proper safety equipment to its employees. This is because accidents can happe n where employees could be injured. This would cause sickness absenteeism due to the employees inability to attend work, leading to a fall in productivity due to the lack of employees and increased work load on those present at work. too the costs

Using Renewable Energy In Our Daily Lives Environmental Sciences Essay

Using renew open content In Our Daily Lives Environmental Sciences EssayWe all ar touch ab come forward our snip to come with regard to the focal point we generate vim and male monarch. renew equal strength is the process by which we use the radiant zip fastener from the sun, lede, and hydro reason and so on Unfortunately we argon non using renewable nix in most cases and the methods by which we ongoingly getting our raw materials for office staff and vim be simultaneously destroying our pla net income and depleting supplies of intrinsic re solutions. The damages we assume ca apply talent off generations to r foreverse. Many of us who care urgencys to do something by height their voice as we are on a threshold of change.renewable free zilch resources are non only our way knocked out(p) of an environmental disaster they could solve some of our economic woes. Many countries are embrace renewable naught and it has advanceed n several ways. These benefits in clude saving consumers funds and reducing unemployment. This is non a luxury that we pursue when the terms of accelerator goes up. Now is the time to convert our mode of transportation to clean electricalal energy that we get from renewable sources. This is a necessity that is going to save the leads of future generations. We feces survive the problems which we have created in order to power our public. The humour is changing and we have entire species of animals that are now extinct due(p) to pollution. Lets look at the maximum possibilities as we are in the midst of a crisis thitherfore we must act according to what will benefit our generations.AimFinding the main reasons for not using renewable energy in our daily lives.ObjectivesLiterature ReviewBrief History introductory to the development of coal in the mid 19th century, all energy utilize was renewable, with the primary sources being human labor, animal power in the form of oxen, mules, and horses, piss system p ower for mill power, thread for grinding grain, and firewood. A graph of energy use in the join States up until 1900 shows petroleum and natural gas with intimately the same importance in 1900 as wind and solar played in 2010.By 1873, concerns of running out of coal prompted experiments with using solar energy.Development of solar engines continued until the volcanic eruption of World War I. The chargetual importance of solar energy, though, was recognized in a 1911 Scientific American article in the far wake little future, natural fuels having been exhausted solar power will remain as the only centre of existence of the human race.In the 1970s environmentalists supercharged the development of option energy both as a commutation for the eventual depletion of oil, as come up as for an escape from dependence on oil, and the first wind turbines appeared. solar had always been used for estrus and cooling, except solar panels were too costly to build solar farms until 1980. The theory of peak oil was published in 1956.By 2008 renewable energy had ceased being an alternative, and to a greater extent capacity of renewable energy was added than opposite sources in both the United States and in Europe.Renewable energy is becoming more and more prevalent around the world, except it is inactive not the dominant energy resource.Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep indoors the earth. Included in the definition is electrical energy and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermic resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.Renewable null as a replacement for Conventional FuelRenewable energy replaces conventional fuels in quad distinct areas electrical energy generation, heated water/space heating,motor fuels, and sylvanfied ( rancid-grid) energy servePower generatio n. Renewable energy nominates 19% of electricity generation worldwide. Renewable power generators are spread across more countries, and wind power al wholeness already provides a significant parting of electricity in some areas for example, 14% in the U.S. nation of Iowa, 40% in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 20% in Denmark. around countries get most of their power from renewables, including Iceland (100%), Norway (98%), Brazil (86%), Austria (62%), New Zealand (65%), and Sweden (54%).Heating.Solar hot watermakes an important contribution torenewable heatin many another(prenominal) countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the global entire (180 GWth). Most of these systems are installed on multi-family apartment buildings and meet a lot of the hot water needs of an estimated 50-60 million households in China. Worldwide, total installedsolar water heatingsystems meet a portion of the water heating needs of everyplace 70 million households. The use of biomass for heating continues to germinate as well. In Sweden, national use of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating is withal growing rapidly.Transport fuels. Renewablebiofuelshave contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the United States since 2006. The 93 one thousand million liters of biofuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an estimated 68 billetion liters of gasoline, equal to about 5% of world gasoline productionIn international public opinion surveys thither is strong support for promoting renewable sources much(prenominal) as solar power and wind power, requiring utilities to use more renewable energy (even if this increases the cost), and providing tax incentives to encourage the development and use of such technologies. on that point is substantial optimism that renewable energy investments will wages off economically in the long term.Primary Source of Renewable EnergyWith so s ome(prenominal) dependency placed upon our natural resources to produce our much needed energy, scientists have been evaluating and producing renewable energy as an alternative to handed-down energy sources. Renewable energy is energy that can be reproduced in a short period of time. The most prevalent forms of renewable energy are solar, wind, biomass, hydro power, geothermal and biofuels.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTkYfRchpvKxiBs2AOvwdSSJzKy36CT7E2JMhOnxdD18HgVG7uyfw wheelAn abundant source of renewable energy, wind power is used as a nub of generating electricity.Wind turbinesare capable of harnessing the power derived from the wind, converting kinetic energy into mechanical energy. A source of clean, green renewable energy, favourable climate conditions in Europe means wind energy is a highly viable method for electricity generation. And none more so than in the UK, with 40% of all wind energy in Europe blowing over the country.SolarIn one form or another, solar pow er has been around for thousands of years. As a renewable source of free, green energy, technology has found a way of harnessing the suns energy via solar panels which are used either to generate electricity (solar photovoltaics) or to produce heat to warm water (solar thermal). A touristed choice in a growing renewable energy market, solar technology doesnt generate greenhouse cases and is environmentally friendly.BiomassBiomass energy is produced from organic materials such as plants and animals, but the energy that is produced in this fashion is overlordly provided by the sun. For example, plants absorb the suns energy finished a process called photosynthesizes. This energy is thusly passed on finished the organism that eats the plant, creating biomass energy. The most greens forms used to generate biomass energy are wood, crops, manure and some rubbish.When these substances are burned, they die off energy as heat. For example, if you have awood fuelled heating, you are ge nerating renewable biomass energy. This is not the only method of generating biomass energy you can likewise create biomass energy by converting these substances into methane gases, ethanol and biodiesel fuels which can be translated more easily into our current methods of energy use.GeothermalGeothermal energy comes from the original Greek word Geo which means sun. Geothermal energy is derived from the heat that is wedded off by the Earth. For example, steam energy or hot water that is generated by the Earth can be used to generate energy. It is considered to be a renewable source of energy as the water in the Earth is replenished by regular rainfall and the heat used is on a regular basis produced by the planet.Hydro PowerHydro energy is derived from the movement of water. One form ofhydro poweris generated through the movement of water through turbines, such as water running through turbines in a Dam. Hydro power is considered a renewable energy source as the water is continuou sly cycled back through the plant or into nature.BiofuelsBiofuels are a form of renewable energy derived from burning plant or animal substances, otherwise called combustion. One of the challenges to biofuels has been that it is not easily transferred into a liquid form which is the primary method used to fuel most cars and homes. Two of the most common strategies that are sow to produce biofuels includes growing crops to produce ethanol and growing plants that produce biofuel oils. period these methods are effective sources of renewable energy, they are challenging to produce and prevent on a large scale.The basic feature of renewable energy is that it has the capacity to be regenerated and, as such, is virtually inexhaustible, besides being environmentally friendly. These are the two major properties that distinguish it from traditional energy sources.In recent years, these two features have pushed renewable energies to the forefront since, if current fogey fuel consumption ra tes are maintained, they would only be able to meet our energy needs for a few more decades in the first place running out. The damage to the environment, on the other hand, caused by the burning of dodo fuels and the resulting climate changes, force us to consider alternative energy sources if we want to preserve the planet and guarantee the well-being of future generations.AdvantagesThe advantages of renewable energy over traditional energy sources are many and are receiving ever greater recognition. Technological progress in recent years has contributed to reservation renewable energy ever cheaper and efficient in generating electricity.The main advantages of renewable energies areThey are inexhaustible, whereas dodo fuels are limited.They have less of an environmental impact than fogey fuel energy sources (coal, oil and gas), since they do not produce carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases. They are less of a risk than nuclear energy.They provide energy independence to a country, given that their use does not depend on the import of fossil fuels (which only exist in certain regions of the world).They lay off a country to develop certain areas within its borders.DisadvantagesIt is easy to recognise the environmental advantages of utilising the alternative and renewable forms of energy but we must also be conscious of the disadvantages.One disadvantage with renewable energy is that it is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators. This may mean that we need to reduce the amount of energy we use or only if build more energy facilities. It also indicates that the best solution to our energy problems may be to have a balance of many different power sources.Another disadvantage of renewable energy sources is the reliability of supply. Renewable energy often relies on the hold for its source of power. Hydro generators need rain to fill dams to supply flowing water. Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades, and solar collectors need clear skies and sun to collect heat and make electricity. When these resources are unavailable so is the capacity to make energy from them. This can be unpredictable and inconsistent. The current cost of renewable energy technology is also far in additional of traditional fossil fuel generation. This is because it is a new technology and as such has extremely large peachy cost.Research MethodologyFindings and ResultsReasons of not Using Renewable energy in Daily LivesTime and time again, we have to explain to them why their reasoning is unfounded but dumb we find the same excuses wherever we go. So we thought wed paying back a little time to dispel the four most common excuses for not utilizing solar power.Its Too ExpensiveEveryone seems to know that federal and state governments have significant financial incentives in place to help promote the adoption of solar power. Even after these incentives, the average res idential solar system costs between $10,000 and $30,000 and for most people, this represents a major capital investment. As a result, most people stop there and say, I cant afford it. What they dont know is that there are a matter of financing options available to help ease the cost of solar. For example, a physical body of solar installers offerfinancing programs, similar to small loan or mortgage, where there is little to no up front cost and pay the balance of the purchase price through a loan. As a result, the homeowner does not have to come up with cash upfront but can amortize the cost of the solar system over time. Whats great is that when you factor in a your reduced utility bill from solar and the amortization cost of the panels, this amount is most likely still less than your electric bill without solar power. So you save straight and that savings grows over time as electricity rates increase.There are also programs where you canlease the panelsfor little to no up fron t costs and you pay a small, manageable monthly tilt over the term of the lease. Again, the savings on your electric bill from the solar panels plus this leasing fee is still likely to be less than your current electric bill without solar. There is also a mechanism called apower purchase agreement, which is a great option for large projects, where the solar installer installs and owns the panels on the roof of your home/building but provides you electricity and simply charges you a flat fee for that electricity over the look of the agreement (typically 15-20 years). That way you are guaranteed a set rate of electricity over a long period of time (protecting you from annual rises in electricity rates) and there is no up front cost to you.The clean of the story is that there are a lot of options for people to pay for solar panels. Gone are the age where you have to come up with all the money for solar panels up front. There are simply more ways than ever to finance and make the c ost of solar work out beneficially for residential and commercial consumers alike.Solar routine Work in cool climateAnother really big(a) excuse. The average temperature in a climate region does not have an effect on solar panels. In fact, solar panels are really slightly more efficient at producing electricity in cold temperatures.The critical factor for solar panels is a concept called solar closing off which is the amount of sun that the solar cells live. Obviously, the more the better so even if you live in a colder climate that is further north and take ample amounts of sunlight, solar should work just fine for you. (If you want to evolve more about how solar panels work, you can clickhere.) Remember, Germany, is which is farther north than just about any state in the U.S., is the world leader in solar photovoltaic energy with over 9,000 Megawatts. Thats to the highest degree enough to cover the roofs of 2 million U.S. houses So dont worry if you live in a cold climat e, just make sure that you receive plenty of sunshine.No Power if its cloudyA reasonable concern, but again, not a good reason to avoid solar power. As stated above, its not temperature that affects the consummation of solar panels, rather it is the amount sunlight received. And even in the sunniest of locations, there are going to be days where there is cloud cover or rain (not to mentioned nightfall) and your solar panels performance may be compromised. Not to worryyou will not be left in the dark.Residential and commercial solar panels these days are almost always machine-accessible to the utility gridit is called a grid-tie. So, eon your solar panels are exposed to the sun, the electricity they produce powers your house or building. But when it is cloudy or nightfall, you will still be able to draw power for your home or building because you remain connected to the electrical grid.Another cool concept is what is called net metering. In states that allow net metering, if your solar panels produce more electricity in a day than you are consuming, that extra electricity is fed back into the electric grid and can actually spin your electric meter backward. As a result, at the end of the month, the electric company will take into account the electricity that you fed back in to the grid through your solar power system and you will only pay for the net amount of electricity that you consume.People do not know Where to rootage Getting SolarThe worst excuse of them all First of all, there is a tons of information on the Internet related to solar, so for starters you can get educated that way. that, we understand that there may be so much information that you are overwhelmed. Never fear, sites likeMyEnergySolution.comtake the whodunit out of the solar process.MyEnergySolution.comcontains all the information you need to know about how solar works, what to expect and even ideas to help finance your solar power system. With sites likeMyEnergySolution.com, there is no excuse not to understand the underlying elements of going solar.But what about getting a solar installer? How do I know who to pick? Another great question. You can seemingly talk to friends who have installed solar power systems in their homes and ask for a reference. But if you dont have references, solar energy matching services can also take much of the guess work out of selecting a solar installer. There are several free matching services that connect you with pre-selected and highly reputable solar installers based. The process is simple you provide basic information on your location and project type and within minutes or up to 1-2 furrow days the qualified solar installers will contact you to bid on your project. These services have relieve homeowners time and the headache of dealing with poor quality installers. For example, seewww.solar-energy-installers.com. minute EvaluationConclusion and RecommendationWe know that people have other reasons for not going solar a nd that is fine. Choosing solar is a personal/business decision that can only be made by you. However too often, we have seen a number of friends and business associates avoid solar power based on the excuses above yet solar power could have been so value-added to their home or commercial project. Our goal here is to hopefully de-bunk the biggest excuses that we have seen and help show that there are answers and solutions out there for your concerns.